encryption

Post-quantum cryptography swaps RSA and elliptic-curve public-key schemes for NIST-standardized ML-KEM, ML-DSA and SLH-DSA. Sizes, timelines, limits.

Your ISP logs every site you visit. Your browser collects your location, search history, and fingerprint. Data brokers sell profiles built from public records, leaked databases, and inferences. Protecting privacy is not about hiding; it's about understanding the threat and matching your tools to the risk. A practical guide to browsers, DNS, VPNs, password managers, two-factor authentication, mobile privacy, and data brokers — with realistic effort levels.

How VPNs work: encrypted tunnels, protocols (WireGuard, OpenVPN, IKEv2), top providers in 2026, limitations, and how they compare to Tor.

How encryption works: AES and RSA, key exchange, the TLS 1.3 handshake, digital signatures, end-to-end messaging and NIST's 2024 post-quantum standards.

A sufficiently powerful quantum computer could break the encryption that secures banking, communications, and national security in seconds. The threat is real but limited to specific algorithms — and the cryptographic world is racing to deploy quantum-resistant alternatives before the day arrives.

Every digital service you use is constantly being attacked. Cybersecurity is the layered defence keeping passwords, banking, hospitals, and infrastructure safe. Here's how it actually works.