simulation

A digital twin is a model kept in sync with a real asset through data. See how sensors, calibration and feedback work, and why a 3D model is not a twin.

A physics engine running a single frame makes thousands of calculations to move objects, detect collisions, and keep the simulation stable. Understanding how this works reveals why games feel the way they do — and why physics bugs happen.

PINNs embed physical equations directly into neural network training, enabling powerful simulations that respect the laws of nature by design.