artificial-intelligence

A typical text prompt to a current AI chatbot uses a fraction of a watt-hour, but billions of prompts, plus training runs and data center cooling, add up to a real slice of global electricity. This article sorts measured figures from folklore: energy per query, training costs, water, emissions, and how AI compares with other everyday loads.

Alan Turing's life, verified quirks, and scientific legacy: chained teacup, marathon times, codebreaking, and the founding of computer science.

How modern AI works: machine learning, how LLMs are trained, agents and tool use, generative models, evaluation, limits and safety, with a deep dive per topic.

Top 25 AI tools for writing, coding, design, and productivity. Compare ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and more with pricing, pros/cons.

AI's trajectory: improved alignment, multimodal systems, embodied AI, neurosymbolic approaches. AGI possibility and implications remain open questions.

What large language models can do, how scale and training methods produced those abilities, and where documented failures remain, with sourced benchmarks.

How DeepMind's AlphaGo combined neural networks with tree search to beat Lee Sedol 4-1 in March 2016, and what AlphaGo Zero and AlphaZero changed afterward.

Neural networks are layered functions whose connection strengths are tuned by gradient descent. From the 1943 artificial neuron to AlexNet's 2012 ImageNet win and today's transformers, this is how the idea went from dormant to dominant.

Expert systems captured specialist knowledge in a knowledge base and applied it with an inference engine. They were AI's first commercial success, and their limits shaped what came next.

McCarthy coined 'artificial intelligence', organized the Dartmouth Summer Research Project, and developed Lisp. He shaped AI's early direction.

Computing began with counting boards and evolved into stored-program machines, microchips, personal computers, the internet and, finally, machine learning.