cancer biology

Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Learn how caspases, mitochondria, and Bcl-2 proteins carry it out, and what goes wrong in cancer and autoimmunity.

Telomeres are repeat-DNA caps on chromosome ends that shorten with each cell division. See how telomerase works and what telomere length does not prove.

Liquid biopsy reads tumor DNA, cells and vesicles in blood. See what ctDNA can show, where evidence is strong, and why it does not replace tissue biopsy.

ISS experiments reveal that cancer cells behave differently in microgravity, sometimes becoming more aggressive but also more vulnerable—insights accelerating cancer research.