chaos-theory

Mary Cartwright discovered chaotic behavior in differential equations in the 1940s, decades before chaos theory existed, while doing classified wartime radar work.

How Edward Lorenz discovered the butterfly effect by accident in 1961, what it really means, and where it does (and doesn't) apply.

How a simple two-arm pendulum becomes chaotic, why deterministic systems can be unpredictable, and what the Lyapunov exponent really means.