cryptography

Post-quantum cryptography swaps RSA and elliptic-curve public-key schemes for NIST-standardized ML-KEM, ML-DSA and SLH-DSA. Sizes, timelines, limits.

Alan Turing's life, verified quirks, and scientific legacy: chained teacup, marathon times, codebreaking, and the founding of computer science.

How encryption works: AES and RSA, key exchange, the TLS 1.3 handshake, digital signatures, end-to-end messaging and NIST's 2024 post-quantum standards.

Prime numbers seem like a curious curiosity from school math. They're actually the foundation of every secure transaction on the internet — and one of the deepest mysteries in mathematics.

A sufficiently powerful quantum computer could break the encryption that secures banking, communications, and national security in seconds. The threat is real but limited to specific algorithms — and the cryptographic world is racing to deploy quantum-resistant alternatives before the day arrives.

The largest known prime number has 41,024,320 digits. Finding it took a rented cloud of data-center GPUs and a decades-old search project. But what is the point of a number nobody will ever write out?