openai

GPT-5 explained: OpenAI's unified model with auto-routing, three sizes, benchmarks vs Claude 4, Gemini 2.5 and Grok 4, pricing, and what changed.

Sora is OpenAI's text-to-video AI that generates cinematic clips up to 20 seconds. Here's how it works, what it can do, and how it compares to rivals.

Deep Research AI agents autonomously read papers, search the web, and write cited reports in minutes. Here's how they work and which to use.

OpenAI Operator was an AI agent that browsed the web for you. It shut down August 31, 2025. Here's how it worked, why it was retired, and what replaced it.

Prompt caching slashes LLM costs up to 90% by reusing repeated prompt prefixes. Compare Anthropic, OpenAI, and Gemini caching with code examples.

Function calling and tool use are the same concept under different names. Learn how LLMs invoke external tools, with examples from OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google.

JSON mode guarantees valid JSON. Structured Outputs guarantees the right shape. Here's the difference and when to use each in 2026.

uv is a Rust-based Python package manager from Astral, 10-100x faster than pip. Here's what it does, when to use it, and how it compares to poetry.

What OpenAI disclosed about GPT-4, what it scored on exams and benchmarks, why next-token prediction got that far, where it still fails, and what replaced it.

ChatGPT predicts the next word based on patterns it learned from billions of pages of text. Sounds simple — but it produces essays, code, and reasoning that look uncannily human. Here's what's really happening.

AGI — artificial general intelligence — is the holy grail of AI: a machine that can do anything a human can. Here's what it really means, how close we are, and why definitions matter so much.