diabetes

How insulin controls blood glucose, why type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ, and how treatment moved from animal extracts to pumps, drugs, and stem cells.

How GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro work: gut-hormone biology, trial results on weight and heart risk, side effects, and open questions.

589 million adults now have diabetes — 1 in 9 globally. China has 148 million cases, the most of any country. Pakistan's age-standardised prevalence rate of 31.4% means nearly 1 in 3 adults is diabetic. The IDF's 2025 Atlas projects 853 million by 2050. Here is the full country-by-country breakdown and what drives these numbers.

The inventors of insulin assigned their patent for $1 so no one would be priced out of a lifesaving drug. A century later, US list prices ran roughly 11 times those of peer countries. Here is how that happened.