endocrinology

How testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone shape the body, the menstrual cycle, puberty, and menopause — and the science of hormone therapy.

How insulin controls blood glucose, why type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ, and how treatment moved from animal extracts to pumps, drugs, and stem cells.

Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance and failing beta cells. See the biology, what remission trials show, and how treatments target each step.

Obesity is a chronic disease shaped by hormones, brain, and environment. See how leptin, insulin resistance, and visceral fat drive metabolic syndrome.