fossil-fuels

Proven oil reserves are the foundation of petrostate power and the lifeblood of the global energy economy. This ranking reveals which countries hold the most oil underground — and why those reserves are simultaneously an enormous economic asset and a geopolitical liability in an era of energy transition.

Climate change is happening, it's caused mainly by human emissions, and the evidence comes from thousands of independent measurements. Here's the science, the consequences, and the realistic path forward.

Earth's proven fossil fuel reserves alone contain roughly three times more carbon than is compatible with keeping warming under 2°C. Here's what the physics, geology, and history say would actually happen if we burned it all.