hydrogen

Green steel is made with far less CO2 than blast-furnace steel. How hydrogen direct reduction, scrap and electric arc furnaces work, and what limits them.

NEOM's $8.4B plant leads a wave of gigawatt-scale hydrogen projects reshaping fertilizer, steel, and shipping. Here's how the biggest ones actually work.

Hydrogen makes up approximately 74% of all ordinary matter in the universe by mass — about 92% of all atoms. Helium accounts for roughly 24% of ordinary mass. Everything else — every carbon atom in every living cell, every silicon atom in every rock, every iron atom in every star's core — adds up to approximately 2% of the universe's total atomic mass. The dominance of hydrogen and helium is not a coincidence or a geological quirk. It is a direct record of the conditions that existed in the first three minutes after the Big Bang. Understanding why the cosmos is almost entirely these two lightest elements tells you how the universe was born and how it will eventually end.