paleoclimate

The Sun's output is remarkably steady, but even small, sustained drops in solar energy can reorganize Earth's climate. A 10% dimmer Sun is a thought experiment, not a forecast — modeled here through real climate physics: energy balance, ice-albedo feedback, and the paleoclimate record.

Two hundred million years ago, every continent on Earth was joined into a single supercontinent called Pangaea. If it had never split, Earth would have a vast hostile interior desert, weaker biodiversity, and weather patterns dominated by an enormous global ocean.