tipping points

From the greenhouse effect to tipping points — the peer-reviewed science behind climate change, carbon budgets, feedbacks, and 2100 scenarios.

Climate tipping points could trigger irreversible planetary changes. Machine learning is giving scientists new tools to detect early warning signals, with real limits.

The Amazon is not Earth's oxygen factory, but it stores vast carbon and recycles rain across a continent. Here is what the evidence says about deforestation, drought, and tipping points.

The North Atlantic Current (part of the Gulf Stream system) carries warm tropical water northward, keeping Europe mild and habitable. If it stopped due to freshwater influx or climate change, Europe would plunge into ice-age conditions within decades — while other regions experience opposite effects.

The Amazon holds tens of billions of tonnes of carbon, makes about half of its own rainfall, and shelters roughly one in ten known species. Here is what a total loss would set in motion, and why the forest may not need to be fully cleared to fail.