vaccine

Tick-borne encephalitis is a flavivirus infection mainly spread by Ixodes ticks. Three subtypes, a two-phase illness, effective vaccines, and why cases keep rising.

Chikungunya virus explained: how this mosquito-borne alphavirus spreads, why it causes lasting joint pain, how it differs from dengue, and what vaccines exist.

Hepatitis B and C explained: how each virus infects liver cells, why HCV is curable in 8 to 12 weeks, and why HBV is suppressed but not yet cured.

Rabies virus explained: how it travels nerves to the brain, why symptoms are almost always fatal, and how wound care, vaccine, and immune globulin stop it.

How HPV infects cells, how E6 and E7 proteins drive cervical and throat cancers, why most infections clear, and what vaccination and screening data show.

RSV explained: how respiratory syncytial virus infects airways, why it hits infants and older adults hard, and how new vaccines and antibodies work.

How measles spreads, why it erases immune memory, what the MMR vaccine does, and why cases are rising, with 2024-2026 data from WHO, CDC, and PAHO.

Influenza virus explained: how flu infects cells, why it drifts and shifts, how vaccines are chosen, and why effectiveness swings from season to season.

How modified mRNA and lipid nanoparticles enabled rapid COVID-19 vaccine development, building on 30 years of foundational research by Katalin Karikó and others.

How the polio vaccines developed by Salk and Sabin eradicated polio from most of the world, and why two countries still report wild cases.