james-webb-space-telescope

How spacecraft survive extreme temperature swings: coatings, multi-layer insulation, radiators, heaters, and coolant loops, from the ISS to the Webb telescope.

Astronomers' galaxy counts have swung from 100 billion to 2 trillion and back to hundreds of billions. Here's why the number keeps changing, and what it actually means.

JWST sits 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, sees light from galaxies 280 million years after the Big Bang, and is actively rewriting cosmology. Here's how the most ambitious telescope ever built actually works, and what it has found through 2026.