natural-hazards

Volcano prediction uses earthquakes, gas, ground deformation, heat, and history. This guide explains what scientists can forecast and what remains uncertain.

Where magma comes from, why volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hotspots, eruption types, the VEI scale, and how scientists monitor them.

A single eruption can cool the entire planet for years. Here's the science behind what makes volcanoes tick — from deep magma to explosive blasts.