particle-physics

On July 4, 2012, CERN announced the discovery of the Higgs boson at 125 GeV. Here is how the LHC, ATLAS, and CMS found the particle that gives other particles mass.

C.T.R. Wilson built the first cloud chamber in 1911 by expanding supersaturated vapor to reveal particle tracks. It discovered the positron, confirmed cosmic rays, and launched modern particle physics.

What cosmic rays are, how Victor Hess discovered them in 1912, their sources from the Sun to AGN, detection methods, biological effects, and the ultra-high-energy mystery.

Murray Gell-Mann discovered quarks, built the Eightfold Way, won the 1969 Nobel Prize, and co-founded the Santa Fe Institute. His biography, science, and verified quirks.

Wolfgang Pauli formulated the exclusion principle in 1925 and predicted the neutrino in 1930. Explore his physics, sharp wit, and legendary Pauli effect.

The Higgs boson explained: how particles get mass, the 2012 CERN discovery, Standard Model, and why the 'God particle' nickname is misleading.

What string theory really proposes, the extra dimensions, M-theory, the multiverse landscape, and why critics call it unfalsifiable in 2026.

Machine learning didn't just assist the Higgs boson discovery—it's now reshaping how physicists search for physics beyond the Standard Model.

How CERN detected the Higgs boson, confirming the mechanism giving particles mass