pharmacology

We've used general anesthesia since 1846 and perform 300 million surgeries a year with it — but we still don't know exactly how it works.

What cholesterol is, how LDL and HDL differ, how artery plaques form, and what trials show for statins, PCSK9 drugs, bempedoic acid, and inclisiran.

How GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro work: gut-hormone biology, trial results on weight and heart risk, side effects, and open questions.

Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug — but most people have no idea how it actually works. It doesn't give you energy. It steals it from the future.

Some natural remedies do work — many modern drugs come from plants. But "natural = better" doesn't survive scientific scrutiny. Here's what the clinical evidence actually shows.