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Extreme ultraviolet lithography uses 13.5nm light from vaporized tin droplets to print the smallest chip features. Here is how ASML's machines actually work.

A chip fab is one of the most complex factories on Earth. This article explains cleanrooms, wafers, lithography, etching, deposition, inspection, and yield.

A modern chip is built from up to 100 patterned layers aligned at nanometer precision, inside cleanrooms and with machines that few companies can build. Here is why that is so hard, and why it costs so much.