electrochemistry

Sodium-ion batteries move sodium instead of lithium ions. See how the cathode, hard-carbon anode and electrolyte work, the numbers, and where they fit.

The battery begins with Volta's pile, but modern batteries evolved through chemistry, materials, portability, and rechargeable systems.

How a misnamed physics error became the world's fastest energy storage device, from Becker's 1957 accident to today's electric brakes.

From Alessandro Volta's 1800 voltaic pile to the 2019 Nobel Prize for lithium-ion: how the battery became the defining technology of the portable power age.

The redox chemistry, electrode potentials, and metal chemistry that made Volta's zinc-copper pile the first device to produce continuous electric current