vaccines

The immune system is not a single organ or a single type of cell — it is a distributed surveillance network that distinguishes your own tissue from foreign invaders within minutes, then builds custom molecular weapons if the first response is not enough. Here is how.

How vaccines work: from your first encounter with an antigen to lifelong immunity. Covers mRNA tech, adjuvants, herd immunity math, and 2026's cancer vaccine pipeline.

Louis Pasteur founded germ theory, developed the rabies vaccine, and invented pasteurization. His biography, verified quirks, and the 1995 discovery about his lab notebooks.

From variolation and Jenner's cowpox to Pasteur, polio, smallpox eradication, and mRNA — the full history of vaccines and modern frontiers.

Explore how the immune system defends your body — from skin barriers to T cells, vaccines, autoimmunity, and cancer immunotherapy.

Norovirus vs rotavirus: how the two stomach bugs differ in biology, who they hit, how they spread, vaccines, and when dehydration needs a doctor.

How varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox, hides in nerve ganglia for decades, and returns as shingles, plus what Shingrix trials showed about prevention.

Japanese encephalitis virus spreads from pigs and herons through Culex mosquitoes. Learn the burden, symptoms, vaccines, and real traveler risk.

Rubella causes a mild rash in children but can devastate a fetus. How the virus works, what CRS does, and how vaccination eliminated it in the Americas.

CMV infects 60–80% of adults yet causes devastating harm in newborns and immunocompromised patients. Here's everything you need to know.

How poliovirus infects the gut, destroys spinal motor neurons, and why wild type 1 and vaccine-derived strains persist, with 2026 case data from GPEI.

Smallpox and the variola virus explained: how it spread, why it killed up to 30% of cases, how eradication worked by 1980, and where the stocks remain.