Countries With the Most Lithium Reserves (USGS 2026)
Photo: Luke Miller / Pexels
Chile has the world's largest lithium reserves, an estimated 9.2 million tonnes, with Australia close behind at 8.4 million, according to the U.S. Geological Survey's February 2026 Mineral Commodity Summaries. The ranking matters because batteries account for 88% of global lithium use, and the metal sits inside phones, electric vehicles, and grid storage. But the country with the most lithium in the ground is not the country that mines the most, and neither is necessarily the one that sets the price.
Educational only, not financial advice. This article explains geological and industrial data. It does not recommend any stock, commodity, or investment, and past price moves do not predict future ones.
Key takeaways
- Chile (9.2 million tonnes) and Australia (8.4 million tonnes) hold nearly half of the 37 million tonnes of reserves USGS reports worldwide.
- Reserve estimates move. Between USGS's January 2025 and February 2026 editions, world reserves rose from 30 to 37 million tonnes, and the United States jumped from 1.8 to 4.4 million tonnes.
- Australia mined the most lithium in 2025 (about 92,000 tonnes), followed by China (62,000) and Chile (56,000).
- Reserves are about a quarter of measured and indicated resources, which USGS puts near 150 million tonnes.
- Lithium prices fell from a 2022 peak, which led some producers to cut output and delay expansions in 2025.
Which countries have the most lithium reserves?
The table ranks countries by the reserves figure in USGS's 2026 summary. USGS reports lithium content in metric tons, so the figures are the lithium metal itself, not lithium carbonate or other compounds. Shares are calculated against the 37 million-tonne world total.
| Rank | Country | Reserves (tonnes, lithium content) | Share of world reserves | 2025 mine production (tonnes, est.) | Main source type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chile | 9,200,000 | 24.9% | 56,000 | Brine (Salar de Atacama) |
| 2 | Australia | 8,400,000 | 22.7% | 92,000 | Hard rock (spodumene) |
| 3 | China | 4,600,000 | 12.4% | 62,000 | Brine and hard rock |
| 4 (tie) | Argentina | 4,400,000 | 11.9% | 23,000 | Brine |
| 4 (tie) | United States | 4,400,000 | 11.9% | Withheld | Brine (Nevada); claystone and other deposits |
| 6 | Canada | 1,600,000 | 4.3% | 5,600 | Hard rock |
| 7 | Brazil | 540,000 | 1.5% | 12,000 | Hard rock |
| 8 | Zimbabwe | 500,000 | 1.4% | 28,000 | Hard rock |
| 9 | Mali | 370,000 | 1.0% | 9,400 | Hard rock |
| 10 | Portugal | 60,000 | 0.2% | 380 | Hard rock |
| Other countries (combined) | 2,400,000 | 6.5% | Not reported | Includes Austria, Czechia, Germany, Serbia, and others | |
| World total (rounded) | 37,000,000 | 100% | 290,000 (excludes U.S.) |
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, "Lithium" (February 2026). Shares are this article's arithmetic on USGS figures. USGS withholds U.S. production to avoid disclosing company data, and its world production total excludes the United States.
The top five countries together hold about 84% of reserves. USGS adds a footnote for Australia: reserves that are compliant with the Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) code or equivalent were 5.1 million tonnes. The larger 8.4 million figure therefore reflects other reporting standards as well, which is a reminder that countries do not all define "reserve" in exactly the same way.
Bolivia does not appear in the reserves column, even though it is famous for its salt flats. USGS reports no reserve figure for it, but it lists Bolivia's measured and indicated resources at 23 million tonnes. That difference between reserves and resources is the most common source of confusion in lithium rankings, and it is worth slowing down for.
Reserves, resources, and production are three different numbers
Think of a household pantry, a grocery store, and a farm. The pantry is what you can eat tonight. The store is what you could buy if you paid the going price. The farm is what might feed you in future years with the right investment and weather.
Reserves are the pantry: lithium that can be extracted economically under current conditions with current technology. Resources are the store and the farm combined: concentrations of lithium that have been identified and might become economic as prices rise, methods improve, or more drilling firms up the estimate. Production is what actually left the mine in a given year.
USGS says "owing to continuing exploration, measured and indicated lithium resources have increased substantially worldwide and total about 150 million tons." World reserves of 37 million tonnes are therefore only about a quarter of the identified resource base. The resource table looks different from the reserves ranking:
| Country | Measured and indicated lithium resources (tonnes) |
|---|---|
| United States | 30,000,000 |
| Argentina | 28,000,000 |
| Bolivia | 23,000,000 |
| Chile | 13,000,000 |
| Australia | 10,000,000 |
| China | 10,000,000 |
| Germany | 8,900,000 |
| Canada | 8,100,000 |
| Congo (Kinshasa) | 3,000,000 |
| Mexico | 1,700,000 |
| Brazil | 1,400,000 |
| Czechia | 1,300,000 |
| Mali | 1,200,000 |
| Serbia | 1,200,000 |
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, "Lithium," World Resources.
What about the "Lithium Triangle"?
Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia are often grouped as the "Lithium Triangle." On USGS's resource figures the three account for 64 million of roughly 150 million tonnes, or about 43%. On reserves, Chile and Argentina together are 13.6 million of 37 million tonnes, about 37%, and Bolivia has no reported reserve figure. A commonly repeated claim that the triangle holds more than half of the world's lithium does not match USGS's current tables, though the region is certainly central to the brine-based supply.
How the estimates move: the 2025 and 2026 editions compared
Reserve figures are not fixed. USGS revises them when companies publish new mine plans, when governments update surveys, and when prices make previously uneconomic ore worth mining. The 2026 summary states that reserves for Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, the United States, and Zimbabwe were revised based on company and government reports.
The comparison below shows how much a single year can change the picture. The earlier column is from the January 2025 edition.
| Country | Reserves, 2025 edition (tonnes) | Reserves, 2026 edition (tonnes) |
|---|---|---|
| Chile | 9,300,000 | 9,200,000 |
| Australia | 7,000,000 | 8,400,000 |
| China | 3,000,000 | 4,600,000 |
| Argentina | 4,000,000 | 4,400,000 |
| United States | 1,800,000 | 4,400,000 |
| Canada | 1,200,000 | 1,600,000 |
| Brazil | 390,000 | 540,000 |
| Zimbabwe | 480,000 | 500,000 |
| World total | 30,000,000 | 37,000,000 |
Sources: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (January 2025) and 2026 (February 2026).
In a single year, China moved from fourth to third place and the United States from fifth to a tie for fourth. Nothing about the underlying geology changed in 12 months. What changed was the information and the economics. The lesson for any rankings table, including this one, is to treat the reserves column as a snapshot with a date on it.
Who actually mines it: 2025 production
Production tells a different story. USGS estimates that world lithium production, excluding the United States, rose 31% in 2025 to about 290,000 tonnes from 222,000 tonnes in 2024. Global consumption was estimated at 263,000 tonnes, up 20% from 220,000 tonnes the year before.
| Country | 2024 production (tonnes) | 2025 production, est. (tonnes) | Share of world 2025 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 82,700 | 92,000 | 32% | +11% |
| China | 41,400 | 62,000 | 21% | +50% |
| Chile | 48,900 | 56,000 | 19% | +15% |
| Zimbabwe | 20,000 | 28,000 | 10% | +40% |
| Argentina | 13,800 | 23,000 | 8% | +67% |
| Brazil | 10,200 | 12,000 | 4% | +18% |
| Mali | 770 | 9,400 | 3% | About 12 times |
| Canada | 4,820 | 5,600 | 2% | +16% |
| Portugal | 380 | 380 | Under 1% | 0% |
| United States | Withheld | Withheld | Not reported | Not reported |
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026. Shares and percentage changes are this article's arithmetic. USGS notes that 2024 figures for Argentina and Mali were revised significantly.
China's output grew by half in a single year, and Mali, which barely produced lithium in 2024, became a meaningful supplier after two new operations started. USGS lists two mineral operations in Mali and five in Zimbabwe among the sites that accounted for the majority of world production.
A simple reserves-to-production ratio
Dividing a country's reserves by its current annual production gives a rough number of years the reserves would last at that pace. This is arithmetic, not a forecast, because production changes, new reserves are declared, and the economics move.
| Country | Reserves (tonnes) | 2025 production (tonnes) | Reserves divided by production (years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | 1,600,000 | 5,600 | About 286 |
| Argentina | 4,400,000 | 23,000 | About 191 |
| Chile | 9,200,000 | 56,000 | About 164 |
| Australia | 8,400,000 | 92,000 | About 91 |
| China | 4,600,000 | 62,000 | About 74 |
| Brazil | 540,000 | 12,000 | About 45 |
| Mali | 370,000 | 9,400 | About 39 |
| Zimbabwe | 500,000 | 28,000 | About 18 |
| World | 37,000,000 | 290,000 | About 128 |
The lowest figure, about 18 years for Zimbabwe, does not mean the country will run out of lithium. It means its current declared reserves are small relative to how hard it is being mined, which usually triggers more exploration and reserve additions. The point is that the big reserve holders are not the heavy producers, and the heavy producers are drawing down faster.
Brine, hard rock, and clay: three ways to get lithium
The type of deposit shapes how fast a country can respond to demand, which is why reserves alone predict so little about output.
| Deposit type | Where it is mined | How it is processed | Speed and flexibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brine | Chile, Argentina, parts of China, Nevada in the United States | Salty water is pumped from underground into evaporation ponds and concentrated by sun and wind | Slow, because concentrating takes many months |
| Hard rock (spodumene and similar minerals) | Australia, China, Brazil, Canada, Zimbabwe, Mali | Ore is mined, crushed, concentrated, then chemically converted | Faster to restart or expand |
| Clay | Under development in Mexico and the United States | Lithium-bearing clay must be processed to release the metal | Early stage |
Sources: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 for locations and development stages; process descriptions from the Wikipedia articles on lithium and the Salar de Atacama, which cite published research.
Brine evaporation works like drying laundry on a line. The sun does the work for free, but it takes many months and depends on weather. The Salar de Atacama in Chile is the textbook case, with very high evaporation and very low rainfall. Brine pumped there is reported to concentrate over roughly 12 to 18 months to about 6% lithium. Hard-rock mining is closer to using a dryer: more energy and equipment, but a much quicker turnaround.
That speed difference shows up in how producers react to prices. Hard-rock mines in Australia can be ramped up or idled relatively quickly, while a brine operation's output reflects decisions made a year or more earlier.
Direct lithium extraction, a family of newer techniques that pull lithium from brine without large evaporation ponds, is being developed in several places. Published reviews note that these methods are not yet proven at industrial scale and that their relative cost is unknown, so they remain a possibility rather than a feature of today's supply.
Chile: the Atacama and a changing ownership model
Chile's reserves are concentrated in the Salar de Atacama, a salt flat of roughly 3,000 square kilometers in one of the driest places on Earth. SQM (Sociedad Química y Minera) and Albemarle are the two companies operating there. The salt flat's brine is high in lithium relative to many other sources, around 2,700 parts per million according to the published summary of the site, and its dry climate makes evaporation efficient.
In Chile, who owns the lithium has been as contested as who mines it. Under a partnership between state-owned Codelco and SQM, SQM's lithium operations at the salt flat were reported to be transferred in December 2025 to a joint venture called Nova Andino Litio. The details of that arrangement are the subject of ongoing reporting and are best checked against the companies' own filings.
The environmental questions are just as live. Brine extraction has been a source of conflict with local communities over water use, and it affects the high-altitude ecosystem, including flamingo habitat. The Likan Antay people have both opposed extraction and negotiated benefit-sharing agreements with lithium companies. USGS's import data shows how closely the United States is tied to this region: from 2021 to 2024, 54% of U.S. lithium imports came from Chile and 43% from Argentina.
Australia: the production leader
Australia's reserves are second in the world, but its 2025 production of about 92,000 tonnes was the highest, at about 32% of the world total. USGS lists seven mineral operations in Australia among the sites accounting for most world output. Greenbushes, in Western Australia, is widely described as the world's largest hard-rock lithium mine.
Australia's spodumene is mostly a raw material rather than a finished battery chemical. USGS tracks the price of spodumene (a 6% lithium oxide concentrate) in Australia: about $800 per ton in January 2025 and about $970 per ton by November 2025. To make batteries, that concentrate generally has to be converted to lithium carbonate or hydroxide somewhere, a step that creates the "mining versus processing" gap discussed below.
The comparison with Chile illustrates why country rankings differ by metric. Chile leads on reserves, with a brine system that is cheap to run once built but slow to expand. Australia leads on output, with a hard-rock system that can scale faster. For a sense of how lithium mines compare in size with the rest of the mining sector, the site's ranking of the biggest mines in the world is a useful companion.
China: modest reserves, large footprint
China ranks third in reserves with 4.6 million tonnes, up from 3.0 million in the prior edition. It was second in production in 2025 at an estimated 62,000 tonnes, and USGS lists nine mineral and six brine operations in the country, more operating sites than any other country on its list.
China's role in lithium is not only about what comes out of its own ground. The International Energy Agency reports that China accounts for more than 70% of global electric vehicle production, and that Chinese battery makers have a cost advantage from faster price reductions. A country that builds most of the cars and many of the cells has a strong pull on lithium demand wherever the metal is mined.
On reserves alone China does not stand out. On downstream manufacturing, it does. For more on how electric vehicles are distributed across countries, see the site's rankings of countries with the most electric vehicles and of countries with the most electric vehicles per capita.
Argentina and Bolivia: brine-rich, at different stages
Argentina reports 4.4 million tonnes of reserves and 28 million tonnes of resources, the second-largest resource figure after the United States. USGS lists four brine operations in Argentina among major world producers, and the country's 2025 output of about 23,000 tonnes was up 67% from the revised 2024 figure. USGS notes that significant production capacity expansions took place in Argentina in 2025.
Bolivia is the opposite case: very large resources (23 million tonnes) and no reserve figure in USGS's table. Published summaries describe its production as negligible. For readers comparing countries, Bolivia is the clearest example of why a resource is not a reserve. A resource becomes a reserve only after engineering, permitting, financing, and a viable extraction method line up, and that has not happened at scale there.
The United States: large resources, limited production
The United States tied for fourth place with 4.4 million tonnes of reserves, a revision from 1.8 million tonnes a year earlier. Its measured and indicated resources of 30 million tonnes are the largest of any country USGS lists, across continental brines, claystone, geothermal brines, hectorite, oilfield brines, and pegmatites.
Despite that, commercial-scale production in the United States comes from one continental brine operation in Nevada, and USGS withholds the production figure. Net import reliance was above 50% of apparent consumption in 2023, 2024, and 2025. In 2024, the U.S. Department of Energy announced $3 billion in funding across 25 projects to support new facilities to extract and process lithium and other critical minerals, according to USGS's 2025 edition.
Reserves in the ground, in other words, do not equal domestic supply. Permitting, processing capacity, and capital have to follow. The same logic runs through other critical-mineral rankings, such as the site's look at countries with the most rare earth metals, where holding a deposit and controlling the supply chain are separate questions.
Europe: significant resources, mostly undeveloped
Germany (8.9 million tonnes of resources), Czechia (1.3 million), and Serbia (1.2 million) are the main European lithium resources in USGS's table. All three are grouped with "other countries" in the reserves column, which USGS lists at 2.4 million tonnes combined. Their deposits are largely undeveloped, so resource estimates reflect exploration drilling rather than operating mines.
Serbia's Jadar deposit is the best known. Rio Tinto says its Jadar project is located in the Loznica region of Serbia, that Serbia's government reinstated the project's spatial plan on July 16, 2024, and that the EU has granted it Strategic Project status. The company's own page now says it is transitioning Jadar into care and maintenance, citing capital discipline and a focus on nearer-term opportunities, with no start or completion date given.
The European Union's Critical Raw Materials Act sets 2030 benchmarks that frame why these deposits matter. The Commission lists targets of at least 10% of annual consumption extracted in the EU, at least 40% processed in the EU, at least 25% recycled, and no more than 65% of any strategic raw material coming from a single third country.
Price: why reserves do not set the price of lithium
Lithium prices have swung widely enough to change which projects are viable. USGS publishes the annual average real price of battery-grade lithium carbonate:
| Year | Price (US dollars per metric ton, real) |
|---|---|
| 2021 | 11,700 |
| 2022 | 63,700 |
| 2023 | 39,000 |
| 2024 | 11,800 |
| 2025 (estimate) | 9,000 |
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, price assessments from Benchmark Mineral Intelligence Ltd.
From 2022 to 2025 the annual average fell by roughly 86%. USGS says concern about a short-term oversupply kept prices low in the first half of 2025, while strong electric vehicle sales in China and Europe and rising demand for battery energy storage contributed to price increases in the second half. Spot lithium carbonate in China rose from about $9,300 per ton in January 2025 to about $10,300 per ton in November.
Low prices had direct consequences. USGS reports that some producers reduced output or postponed expansions in 2025, even while significant capacity expansions still went ahead in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Mali, the United States, and Zimbabwe.
Because reserves are defined economically, a price slump can in principle shrink them, and a rally can grow them. Yet world reserves rose between the 2025 and 2026 editions while prices stayed low, and USGS attributes the revisions to company and government reports. Reporting, exploration, and engineering studies clearly move the numbers independently of the price.
Reserves versus control of the supply chain
A mine produces ore or brine, not a battery. Between the ground and the vehicle are several steps: concentration, chemical conversion into carbonate or hydroxide, cathode material production, cell manufacturing, and pack assembly. Each stage can be concentrated in different countries.
The International Energy Agency's 2025 Global Critical Minerals Outlook puts numbers on concentration across key energy minerals. The average market share of the top three refining countries rose from around 82% in 2020 to 86% in 2024, and is projected to fall only slightly to 82% by 2035. That average covers several minerals, not lithium alone. For lithium itself, the agency reports demand rose by nearly 30% in 2024, and it expects demand growth to push the market into deficit in the 2030s.
In an earlier edition, the IEA reported that under its Announced Pledges Scenario, announced mine supply meets only 50% of lithium requirements in 2035, and that under its Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario lithium demand increases by a factor of nine to 2040. Scenarios are not forecasts, but they show why governments have started treating lithium as strategic.
On the demand side, the chemistry of the cell matters. The site's explainer on how lithium-ion batteries work covers why lithium suits the job, and its piece on why lithium-ion batteries age explains how quickly a pack loses capacity, which affects how much new lithium the world needs. The technology's origins are in the story of the lithium-ion battery, and the grid-scale side of demand is explored in why grid storage is hard. Storage demand also connects to the power-system questions behind the ranking of countries with the most reliable electricity grids.
Recycling and substitutes
USGS reports that construction of lithium battery recycling plants continued throughout 2025 and that automobile companies and battery recyclers partnered to supply the industry with recovered material. On substitutes, USGS notes that substitution for lithium compounds is possible in ceramics, greases, and glass, and gives examples such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc as anode material in primary (non-rechargeable) batteries. It does not describe a ready substitute in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which account for most demand.
How to read a lithium ranking without being misled
Several traps recur in published rankings, and most of them come from mixing numbers that measure different things.
Mixing units. USGS reports lithium content. Industry reports often use lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE), which is about 5.3 times larger by weight because carbonate contains other elements. A reserve figure of 9.2 million tonnes of lithium is a very different number from 9.2 million tonnes of LCE.
Mixing reserves and resources. A country that tops the resource table, such as the United States or Argentina, is not necessarily at the top of the reserves table. Bolivia shows the gap most clearly.
Treating "other countries" as zero. USGS lumps Austria, Congo (Kinshasa), Czechia, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Mexico, Namibia, Serbia, and Spain into a combined 2.4 million tonnes of reserves. Those countries exist in the data, just not as separate rows.
Ignoring dates. The same country can move several places in a single edition, as China and the United States did between January 2025 and February 2026.
Equating mine output with refined supply. USGS production figures are for mined lithium content, not battery-grade chemicals.
Reading ties as a ranking. Argentina and the United States both report 4.4 million tonnes. The rounding in the source means differences below the reported precision should not be over-interpreted.
The bottom line
Chile and Australia dominate lithium reserves, with about 48% of the world's 37 million tonnes between them, but the ranking changes depending on the question asked. Australia mines the most, China and Chile follow, and Argentina is growing fastest from a smaller base. The United States and Bolivia show how large resources can coexist with limited output. Reserve figures themselves are snapshots that moved sharply in a single year, and prices that fell about 86% from 2022 to 2025 show how quickly economics can change which projects get built. The most reliable way to use any ranking is to ask which of the three numbers it reports: reserves, resources, or production.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Which country has the most lithium reserves? A: Chile, with an estimated 9.2 million tonnes of lithium content, or about 25% of the 37 million tonnes USGS reports worldwide in its February 2026 summary. Australia is second at 8.4 million tonnes. China has 4.6 million tonnes, and Argentina and the United States have 4.4 million tonnes each.
Q: Which country produces the most lithium? A: Australia, with an estimated 92,000 tonnes in 2025, about 32% of the world total of roughly 290,000 tonnes. China was second at 62,000 tonnes and Chile third at 56,000 tonnes. USGS withholds U.S. production and excludes it from the world total.
Q: What is the difference between lithium reserves and resources? A: Reserves are the part of a deposit that can be extracted economically under current conditions. Resources are identified concentrations that might become economic later. USGS puts world reserves at 37 million tonnes and measured and indicated resources near 150 million tonnes.
Q: Why did the U.S. lithium reserve figure jump so much? A: USGS's 2026 summary lists U.S. reserves at 4.4 million tonnes, up from 1.8 million in the 2025 edition. It states that reserves for several countries, including the United States, were revised based on company and government reports. The figure reflects updated reporting rather than a new discovery.
Q: Is the world going to run out of lithium? A: Not on USGS's numbers. Reserves of 37 million tonnes are about 128 times 2025 world mine output, and resources are about four times larger than reserves. The concern is the pace of building mines and refineries. The IEA expects lithium demand growth to push the market into deficit in the 2030s.
Q: Why did lithium prices fall so much after 2022? A: USGS's annual average real price of battery-grade lithium carbonate fell from $63,700 per tonne in 2022 to an estimated $9,000 in 2025. It attributes low prices in early 2025 to concern about short-term oversupply after high prices from 2021 to early 2023 encouraged new production capacity.
Sources
- U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium (February 2026).
- U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025: Lithium (January 2025).
- International Energy Agency, Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025, Executive Summary and Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024, Executive Summary.
- International Energy Agency, Global EV Outlook 2025, Executive Summary.
- European Commission, Critical Raw Materials Act.
- Rio Tinto, Jadar project.
- Wikipedia, Salar de Atacama and Lithium, used for process descriptions and site background, which cite the underlying research.
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About the Author
SciHub101 is an independent science and technology publication founded and edited by Buğra Sözeri, a software engineer and app developer based in Türkiye. AI tools assist with drafting and research. Source documentation in the existing archive is uneven, and articles are being reviewed and corrected. The Editorial Team byline identifies editorial responsibility; it does not certify specialist or independent human review. Where we compare products, anything built by our own team is labelled as such — see the editorial guidelines and About page for how corrections and disclosures work.
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