climate

Antarctica holds about 26.5 million cubic kilometres of ice — enough to raise global sea levels by roughly 58 metres if it all melted. Coastlines would be redrawn, hundreds of cities flooded, and global climate fundamentally restructured.

The Moon raises the ocean tides, slows Earth's rotation, and is drifting away at about 3.8 cm per year. Whether it also keeps Earth's tilt stable enough for a mild climate is a live scientific debate, and this article lays out both sides.

The United States generates more plastic waste per capita than any large nation — 130 kg per person per year. But the Philippines, Indonesia, and India contribute the most plastic to the ocean. How you rank countries on plastic pollution depends entirely on whether you measure production, per-capita waste, or ocean contribution.

China has about 641 GW of installed wind capacity, nearly half of the world's roughly 1,291 GW. The United States, Germany, India, and Brazil follow. Denmark ranks 17th by capacity but gets about 59% of its electricity from wind. Here is the 2025 ranking, what it measures, and what it leaves out.

Most stars in the galaxy are in binary systems. If our solar system had two suns, Earth's orbit might be stable — or chaotic. The climate would be stranger, the sky alien, and the evolution of life might have gone very differently.

The same water that fell as rain on a dinosaur is in your glass today. Here's how Earth's water cycle works, why it matters, and how climate change is rewriting it.

Nuclear war is the most discussed existential risk and the least understood. The bombs are the easy part. What comes after — nuclear winter, famine, collapse — is far more dangerous. Here's what science actually predicts.

If the Sun stopped shining tomorrow, Earth would still feel its gravity but lose its energy. Here's what would actually happen — minute by minute, day by day, month by month.

Nuclear power has the lowest death rate per kWh of any major energy source. It's also the most feared. Here's what the data actually says — beyond Chernobyl, beyond Fukushima.

Green hydrogen is made by splitting water with renewable electricity, so burning it releases only water. It is promising for industries that cannot easily electrify, but it is costly and wasteful elsewhere.

Terraforming Mars has been a science fiction dream for decades. The actual physics suggests it's vastly harder than commonly imagined, and a 2018 NASA-funded study concluded it's basically impossible with current or near-future technology.

Solar and wind are cheap but not dispatchable. Grid-scale battery storage fills the gap for hours, not weeks. This article covers how the systems work, how fast costs fell, what Hornsdale and California showed, and where batteries still fall short.